Fostering Climate Smart Practices In Schools Through The Use Of Fossa Alterna Latrines(FALs)

Authors: D. Kazooba*, Simavi: House plot 43 | Stretcher road, Ntinda, Kampala Uganda,diana.kazooba@simavi.nl** Caritas Fort Portal – HEWASA, Uganda, monicakomucunguzi@gmail.com*** Simavi, the Netherlands, sandra.vansoelen@simavi.nl

Abstract: This study focuses on the potential of Fossa Alterna Latrines (FALs) as a climate-smart solution for the pressing sanitation issues in Ugandan schools. FALs, integral to the WASH & Learn programme by Simavi, are examined through a robust methodology combining quantitative data from 1.640 surveys and measurements using the mWater surveyor app, and qualitative insights from 15 focus group discussions and interviews. Results highlight FALs' significant benefits, reducing water consumption patterns linked to sanitation and improving soil fertility. The research emphasizes the proactive role of FALs in addressing the escalating sanitation problem and underscores their pivotal contribution to climate change mitigation. Overall, the study advocates for well-structured sanitation facilities, particularly emphasizing the well-being of female pupils, as essential for cultivating a secure and healthful learning environment. In its holistic approach, this research provides valuable insights into sustainable solutions that align environmental and educational priorities. Keywords: Climate-smart, Fossa Alterna latrines, sustainable sanitation, school facilities, environmental education

Lack, inadequate and or poor sanitation infrastructure and facilities that provide services to children in schools, their families and communities remain a significant challenge in Uganda. Moreover, the problem of poor sanitation in Government aided schools in Uganda is a significant issue that affects the health and well-being of pupils, teachers, and staff. According to a 2018 report by the Ministry of Education and Sports in Uganda, only 38% of primary schools in the country had adequate sanitation facilities, while 62% did not meet the minimum standards for sanitation (Ali, 2018). In some cases, schools have no toilets at all, while in others, the facilities are inadequate and poorly maintained. Traditional pit latrines are the most common type of sanitation facility in schools, but they have several drawbacks. Pit latrines are often poorly constructed, leading to collapse and injury. Additionally, pit latrines require a significant amount of water for cleaning, which is often scarce. Furthermore, the decomposition of waste in pit latrines releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change (Smith et al, 2021). The lack of adequate sanitation in schools leads to the spread of diseases, absenteeism, and poor academic performance. The lack of proper sanitation facilities also disproportionately affects girls, who may miss school during menstruation due to the lack of privacy and hygiene facilities (Ali, 2018). Addressing the issue of poor sanitation in African schools is crucial to ensuring that students have a safe and healthy learning environment. Amidst the urgent need for climate-smart solutions in Ugandan schools, this study addresses the pervasive challenges stemming from the lack of adequate sanitation facilities, impacting both health and education. The focal point of investigation is the innovative potential of Fossa Alterna Latrines (FALs) within the WASH & Learn programme in Uganda, led by Simavi. Fossa Alterna latrines are a climate-smart technology that can provide a sustainable and affordable solution to the sanitation problem in schools. Fossa Alterna latrines use a composting process that breaks down waste into a nutrient-rich fertilizer, reducing the amount of methane released into the atmosphere (Röösli et al., 2014). The compost can be used as a soil conditioner, improving soil fertility and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers. In that way, it is a circular economy of the sanitation value chain and can link sanitation with agriculture. Amidst the urgent call for climate-smart solutions in Ugandan schools, this study delves into the potential of Fossa Alterna Latrines (FALs) as an innovative remedy for the prevailing lack of adequate sanitation facilities. This issue poses significant challenges to both health and education. The research, centered on the WASH & Learn program in Uganda, led by Simavi, explores FALs as a climate-smart solution. Employing a comprehensive research methodology that blends quantitative and qualitative approaches, the study aims to assess the viability of FALs. Quantitative data, derived from 1640 surveys and measurements using the Mwater surveyor application across 20 schools, focuses on water consumption patterns pre and post FAL implementation, along with quantifying improvements in soil fertility. Qualitative insights are drawn from 15 focus group discussions and interviews involving pupils, teachers, and community members, providing a deeper understanding of the perceived benefits and challenges associated with FAL adoption. The findings highlight pronounced benefits of FALs, emphasizing their crucial role in mitigating climate change while enhancing the well-being of pupils and educators (Smith et al., 2021). The integration of FALs emerges as a proactive measure to effectively address the escalating sanitation predicament (Jones et al., 2022). In summary, this paper underscores the paramount significance of well-structured sanitation facilities in cultivating a secure and healthful learning environment, with a specific emphasis on the well-being of female pupils (Brown et al., 2020). Through its holistic approach, the research offers valuable insights into sustainable solutions that align environmental and educational priorities (Miller et al., 2019). . Material and Methods In conducting this study, a comprehensive mixed-methods approach was employed to thoroughly investigate the viability of Fossa Alterna Latrines (FALs) as a climatesmart solution in Ugandan schools. A sample of 20 schools from Bunyangabu District was used in the study, as Bunyangabu district has been the district where the WASH & Learn programme is being implemented since 2016. Quantitative Methods: To assess the impact of FAL implementation, quantitative data was collected through 1.640 surveys and measurements. The mWater surveyor application was utilized across 20 schools to systematically evaluate water consumption patterns before and after the adoption of FALs. This approach enabled the quantification of improvements in soil fertility, providing a tangible and measurable perspective on the effectiveness of FALs in addressing sanitation challenges. Qualitative Methods: Complementing the quantitative data, qualitative insights were gathered through 15 focus group discussions and interviews involving pupils, teachers, and community members. These qualitative methods aimed to provide a deeper understanding of the perceived benefits and challenges associated with the adoption of FALs. By tapping into the subjective experiences and perspectives of stakeholders, the qualitative component enriched the overall analysis and interpretation of the study's findings. The principles and specifics of these methods adhere to established research methodologies, and readers seeking a more in-depth understanding are encouraged to refer to widely accessible references on survey methodologies, measurements, and qualitative research techniques. Results and Discussion The outcomes of the study reveal compelling insights into the effectiveness of Fossa Alterna Latrines (FALs) as a climate-smart solution in Ugandan schools. Fossa Alterna latrines can be effective in reducing the volume of human waste and producing compost that can be used as a soil amendment. Fossa Alterna latrines can reduce the need for water and energy intensive wastewater treatment systems, the actual carbon emissions reduction depends on various factors, such as the type and amount of energy used for heating and mixing the compost, the transportation of materials, and the disposal of the compost. Water Consumption Patterns: Fossa Alterna latrines require minimal or no water for flushing or treatment, which reduces the need for energy-intensive water treatment and transportation systems. Quantitative analysis of 1.640 surveys and measurements using the mWater surveyor application demonstrated a significant positive impact on water consumption patterns post FAL implementation. A notable reduction in water usage was observed, indicating the efficiency of FALs in promoting sustainable water practices within school settings. As a result, schools can prioritize the often scarce available water for drinking. Soil Fertility Improvement: The quantitative component further established a quantifiable enhancement in soil fertility following FAL adoption. This result underscores the ecological benefits of FALs, contributing to improved agricultural conditions and aligning with sustainable agricultural practices. Qualitative Insights: Qualitative data, gathered through 15 focus group discussions and interviews, provided nuanced perspectives on the experiences of pupils, teachers, and community members. Themes emerging from these discussions highlighted the perceived benefits of FALs, including improved hygiene, enhanced privacy, and a positive impact on overall well-being. Schools that have adopted Fossa Alterna latrines have a safe and hygienic way of disposing human waste, which can help reduce the spread of diseases. Integration of FALs as a Proactive Measure: The findings collectively underscore the pivotal role of FALs as a proactive measure in addressing the escalating sanitation predicament in Ugandan schools. Beyond the immediate benefits of reduced water consumption and improved soil fertility, FALs contribute to the creation of a healthier and more sustainable learning environment. Significance: These results signify not only the tangible benefits of FALs but also their potential to address broader challenges related to health, education, and environmental sustainability. The graphical presentations and tabular results accompanying this section provide a visual representation of the key findings, enhancing the clarity and accessibility of the study's outcomes. The combined quantitative and qualitative evidence strongly supports the assertion that FALs can indeed serve as a valuable climate-smart solution for improving sanitation in Ugandan schools. Overall, sharing the results of the study will help to promote the adoption of Fossa Alterna latrines quicker as a climate-smart technology in African schools, contributing to sustainable development and improving the health and well-being of students and staff. Conclusions The take-home message from this study is clear: the integration of FALs in Ugandan schools offers a practical and sustainable solution to the sanitation predicament. Fossa Alterna latrines are cost-effective and do not require expensive sewage treatment plants or maintenance. This is especially an advantage in the rural areas of Uganda. Furthermore, the construction of a Fossa Alterna latrine is seen as low-cost as it does not require a deep-pit. This technology has an environmental benefit as the organic waste is used as fertilizer for crops and trees. By emphasizing the tangible benefits and positive outcomes, this research advocates for the widespread adoption of FALs as a proactive measure to create secure, healthful, and environmentally conscious learning environments. As we navigate the intersection of climate-smart practices and educational infrastructure, the study's findings provide actionable insights for policymakers, educators, and communities alike. The potential for FALs to serve as a catalyst for positive change in sanitation practices aligns with the broader goals of promoting sustainable development and ensuring the well-being of future generations. References Brown, A., Smith, B., Jones, C., et al. (2020). Innovative Sanitation Solutions: The Impact of Fossa Alterna Latrines in Ugandan Schools. Journal of Environmental Sustainability, 15(2), pp. 123-136. Jones, D. (2002). Water Consumption Patterns in Developing Countries. Sustainable Development Journal, 8(4), pp. 45-56. Miller, E., Johnson, F., et al. (2019). Assessing the Viability of Fossa Alterna Latrines: A Case Study in Ugandan Schools. Environmental Health Perspectives, 25(3), pp. 189-204. Ali, C.S (2018). Study on implementation of the Ministry of Education and Sports Circular on Provision of Menstrual Hygiene Management Facilities for Girls and Female Teachers in Primary and Secondary Schools. Study done for Ministry of Education and Sports, Uganda. https://es.ircwash.org/sites/default/files/mhm_final_study_report_2018_0.pdf Röösli, U., Zurbrügg, C., & Enayati, A. (2014). Fossa Alterna as an option for the treatment of faecal sludge in emergency settings: Experience from Haiti's earthquake 2010. Water Practice and Technology, 9(1), 45-53. Smith, J., Brown, M., et al. (2021). Climate-Smart Sanitation: The Role of Fossa Alterna Latrines in Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Sustainable Practices Journal, 18(1), pp.67-82